碰撞危险局面下VTS值班员交通组织及值班用语规范初探

文中以一起典型的VTS覆盖水域船舶碰撞危险事件为例,论述了碰撞危险局面下VTS值班员交通组织的依据、措施建议和值班用语规范,为规范VTS值班员的交通组织标准提供思路。     

Artificial forces for virtual autonomous ships with encountering situations in restricted waters

ABSTRACT

Even if the same two ships operate in the same encountering situation, the actual strategies and timing of operations may be different. Therefore, the fixed collision avoidance trajectory and ship movements are no longer suitable for simulating the real ship behaviour. This paper tries to develop an artificial intelligent system that fully sensitive to the local circumstances and command a ship in virtual environment. Based on AIS (Automatic Identification System) data, this study has developed artificial forces which help decision makings on-board independently under different situations and catching the stochastic nature of ship behaviours during collision avoidances manoeuvring. Actual ship tracks are helpful for ascertaining the parameters that contribute to artificial forces in collision avoidances, while the correlation coefficient analysis is helpful to distinguish the parameters. This study will help to develop a navigation traffic simulation to reflect the realistic ship behaviour and provide reliable information for port and waterway planning, risk analysis, and mitigation measures. The method can be used in developing algorithms for autonomous ships. The method introduced in this study lays a foundation for developing artificial forces at intersections or bends, although the model is only applicable in straight channels at the moment.     

四轮转向汽车操纵稳定性研究

为了研究转向工况对四轮转向汽车操纵稳定性的影响,基于Matlab/Simulink建立四轮转向汽车前轮转角比例前馈加横摆角速度模糊PID反馈控制模型,通过与Trucksim车辆模型和Simulink控制模型联合仿真,分别在低速和中高速下进行方向盘角阶跃输入离线仿真和方向盘正弦角输入实时仿真试验,与前轮转向汽车在相同工况下侧向加速度、横摆角速度以及质心侧偏角的仿真结果进行对比分析。试验结果表明:四轮转向控制仿真结果优于前轮转向结果,搭建的四轮转向前轮转角比例前馈加横摆角速度模糊PID反馈控制策略,能提高汽车低速转向时的操纵轻便性和机动性以及中高速转向时的操纵稳定性。     

基于Cognex视觉的机器人自动搬运控制

针对企业原有生产圆盘类连接轴的工艺,设计了基于Cognex视觉的机器人自动搬运系统,将S7-300 PLC、Cognex视觉系统和FANUC机器人系统集成在一起,实现了1台机器人同时为铣床和车床2个加工系统自动上下料;通过Profibus总线和Ethernet通讯将PLC技术、视觉技术与工业机器人结合起来,发挥了工业以太网传输速度快、信号稳定的优势,提高了机器人的柔性取料能力;目前已应用在企业当中,提高了企业的自动化程度及生产效率,降低了企业的用工支出。     

Analysis of structural crashworthiness of double-hull ships in collision and grounding

A conceptual design framework for collision and grounding analysis is proposed to evaluate the crashworthiness of double-hull structures. This work attempts to simplify the input parameters needed for the analysis, which can be considered as a step towards a design-oriented procedure against collision and grounding. Four typical collision and grounding scenarios are considered: (1) side structure struck by a bulbous bow, (2) side structure struck by a straight bow, (3) bottom raking, (4) bottom stranding. The analyses of these scenarios are based on statistical data of striking ship dimensions, velocities, collision angles and locations, as well as seabed shapes and sizes, grounding depth and location. The evaluation of the damage extent considers the 50- and 90-percentile values from the statistics of collision and grounding accidents. The external dynamics and internal mechanics are combined to analyse systematically the ship structural damage and energy absorption under accidental loadings.     

Tuning of transfer functions for analysis of wave–ship interactions

Transfer functions are often used together with a wave spectrum for analysis of wave–ship interactions, where one application addresses the prediction of wave-induced motions or other types of global responses. This paper presents a simple and practical method which can be used to tune the transfer function of such responses to facilitate improved prediction capability. The input to the method consists of a measured response, i.e. time series sequences from a given sensor, the 2D wave spectrum characterising the seaway in which the measurements are taken, and an initial estimate of the transfer function for the response in study. The paper presents results obtained using data from an in-service container ship. The 2D wave spectra are taken from the ERA5 database, while the transfer function is computed by a simple closed-form expression. The paper shows that the application of the tuned transfer function leads to predictions which are significantly improved compared to using the transfer function without tuning.     

Real-time automatic rescheduling strategy for an urban rail line by integrating the information of fault handling

In the operation of urban rails, faults are inevitable, which leads to deviation between the actual timetable and the planned timetable. In nowadays, timetable rescheduling strategies rarely integrate the information of fault handling. In this paper, we develop a real-time automatic rescheduling strategy, which integrates the dynamic information of fault handling. The rescheduled timetable is obtained by a mathematical optimization model, the constraints set of which is automatically generated and adjusted as more information of fault handling is feedback. Compared with the experience-based rescheduling methods, the automatic rescheduling strategy reacts more quickly, and uses the information of fault handling more efficiently. A simulation system for testing the automatic rescheduling strategy is built, which uses the data of the Beijing Yizhuang metro line. Via testing on the simulation system, the effectiveness and efficiency of the automatic rescheduling strategy are validated.     

Effect of handling characteristics on minimum time cornering with torque vectoring

In this paper, the effect of both passive and actively-modified vehicle handling characteristics on minimum time manoeuvring for vehicles with 4-wheel torque vectoring (TV) capability is studied. First, a baseline optimal TV strategy is sought, independent of any causal control law. An optimal control problem (OCP) is initially formulated considering 4 independent wheel torque inputs, together with the steering angle rate, as the control variables. Using this formulation, the performance benefit using TV against an electric drive train with a fixed torque distribution, is demonstrated. The sensitivity of TV-controlled manoeuvre time to the passive understeer gradient of the vehicle is then studied. A second formulation of the OCP is introduced where a closed-loop TV controller is incorporated into the system dynamics of the OCP. This formulation allows the effect of actively modifying a vehicle's handling characteristic via TV on its minimum time cornering performance of the vehicle to be assessed. In particular, the effect of the target understeer gradient as the key tuning parameter of the literature-standard steady-state linear single-track model yaw rate reference is analysed.     

高水水中转比例下的自动化集装箱码头堆场装卸工艺方案比较

近年来,集装箱自动化码头基本形成了典型的堆场装卸工艺方案,即堆场整体垂直码头布置,每个箱区配备2台自动化轨道式场桥(ARMG),分别负责装卸船和陆路外集卡装卸相关作业。但在高水水中转比例的码头,由于船侧装卸箱量高于陆路进出港箱量,该方案存在海陆侧ARMG作业不均衡而影响装卸船效率的缺点。通过分析该方案在高水水中转比例码头的不适应性,梳理国内外现有的解决方案,提出新的针对性方案。通过各方案的综合比较,提出解决思路,为类似自动化码头的设计提供参考。     

基于自抗扰的反步非奇异终端滑模船舶航向控制器设计

针对船舶受到不确定干扰的情况下不能准确、快速地跟踪期望航向的问题,设计一种基于自抗扰技术的反步非奇异终端滑模航向控制器,该控制器通过跟踪微分器对期望航向及其微分进行精确提取,通过线性扩张状态观测器实时估计并补偿系统内部和外部的总扰动,引入一阶低通滤波器,有效避免传统反步法中出现的"微分膨胀"问题,利用反步非奇异终端滑模控制技术设计控制律,提高系统的响应速度、抗干扰性和控制精度,通过构造Lyapunov函数证明了系统的稳定性。Simulink仿真试验证明,控制器在不同外界条件下均可对期望航向进行准确、快速地跟踪,具有较强的鲁棒性。